Effects of clock deviations on the performance of microgrids based on virtual synchronous generators

An inverter-based microgrid is a small-scale power network governed by distributed control system. In this system, the nodes are digital controllers of inverters, normally located at separate points within microgrid. A relevant issue that these operate different frequencies due to inherent clock deviations in local hardware oscillators. This paper evaluates effects on performance microgrids equipped with inverters emulate operation synchronous machines. systematic procedure presented derive steady-state expressions inverter active and frequency as function drift rates. applied swing governor equations virtual generators, revealing mechanism allows drifts be absorbed, making their presence negligible. addition, it recognising should never implemented since they cause an unsatisfactory behaviour can even lead blackout Therefore, relevance study identification schemes most sensitive drifts, which makes easier choose suitable implementation for particular application. Furthermore, technical guidelines reported help researchers developing solutions more robust drifts. study, theoretical results validated experimental tests laboratory